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Just as there are three types of training - in wisdom, concentration, and morality - the Buddhist scriptures contain three divisions - discipline, sets of discourses, and knowledge.

Both male and female practitioners have an equal need to practise these three trainings although there are differences in the vows they take.

The basic foundation of the practice of morality is restraint from the ten unwholesome actions: three pertaining to the body, four pertaining to speech and three pertaining to thought.

The three physical non virtues are:

1. Taking the life of a living being, from an insect up to a human being.

2. Stealing, taking away another's property without his consent, regardless of its value, and whether or not you do it yourself.

3. Sexual misconduct, committing adultery.

The four verbal non virtues are:

4. Lying, deceiving others through spoken word or gesture.

5. Divisiveness, creating dissension by causing those in agreement to disagree or those in disagreement to disagree further.

6. Harshness, abusing others.

7. Senselessness, talking about foolish things motivated by desire and so forth.

The three mental non virtues are:

8. Covetousness, desiring to possess something that belongs to another. .

9. Harmful intent, wishing to injure others, be it in a great or small way.

10. Wrong view, viewing some existent thing, such as rebirth, cause and effect, or the Three Jewels as nonexistent.

The morality practiced by those who observe the monastic way of life is referred to as the discipline of individual liberation (Pratimoksha). In India, there were four major schools oftenest, later producing eighteen branches, which each preserved their own version of the Pratimoksha, the original discourse spoken by the Buddha, which laid down the guidelines for monastic life. The practice observed in the Tibetan monasteries follows the Mulasarvastavadin tradition in which 253 precepts are prescribed for fully ordained monks or Bhikshus. In the Theravadin tradition the individual liberation vow of monks comprises 227 precepts.

In providing you with an instrument of mindfulness and alertness, the practice of morality protects you from indulging in negative actions. Therefore it is the foundation of the Buddhist path. The second phase is meditation, which leads the practitioner to the second training which is concerned with concentration.

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