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  公案 - [py] gōngàn [wg] kung-an [ko] 공안 kong'an [ja]　コウアン kōan ||| Literally, a "public notice," or "public case," issued by, or dealt with by a Chinese government office. The term was borrowed into Chinese Chan　禪宗, where it was used to refer to a new Buddhist meditation device, distinguished from the traditional Indian Buddhist śamatha/vipaśyanā 止觀 pair. Gongan meditation (more commonly known by the name of its Japanese variant, kōan) consists of the presentation of a problem drawn from classical texts, or from teaching records and hagiographies of Tang period Chan masters. After the case is presented, a question is asked regarding a key phrase (huatou 話頭) in the story. The relationship between the question and answer is understood to be paradoxical, and thus the answer delivered by the practitioner is not to be developed from rational inquiry, but through a non-dualistic experience undergone in the process of intense meditation on the gongan. After being developed in China, this practice spread to Korea as kong'an, where it has remained the primary form of meditation in Korean Sŏn schools (mainly Chogye 曹溪宗) down to the present. In Japan, kōan meditation has been practiced mainly by the Rinzai　schools　臨濟宗, although certain Sōtō 曹洞宗teachers like Dōgen 道元　to make acknowledgment of the practice. Gongans are contained in edited collections, the most popular of which are the Wumenguan 無門關 and the Biyan lu 碧巖録. [Dictionary References]Naka386c ZGD303c Iwa247 Ina-Z195 JE175b/195 KG957/223 Koga125 SKS606/599 Yo399 ZGo18-P10 ZGo19-P29 FKS1314 DFB [Credit] cmuller( entry)
  (Digital Dictionary of Buddhism - A. Charles Muller)

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