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(MAJJHIMA NIKAYA, SUTTA 84)
THE Sutta of which the Pali text and commentary, together with a translation, are here given, is No. 84 of the Majjhima Nikaya. In addition to the interest which attends every addition to our knowledge of the great canonical books of primitive Buddhism, this Sutta may claim a twofold interest of its own, derived (i.) from the form in which the dialogue is cast, and (ii.) from its subject.
As regards the form, whilst the Madhura Sutta is unlike the generality of Suttas in presenting as the chief interlocutor not the Buddha himself but one of his disciples, yet it is not without parallels in this respect. For example, in Sutta No. 44 of the Majjhima Nikaya,[1] the learned Sister Dhammadinna expounds the Truth to her whilom husband; whilst in Suttas Nos. 15 and 43 Moggallana and Sariputta respectively play the chief part, and there are not even the final words of approval with which in No. 44 the Buddha endorses what Dhammadinna has taught. There is, however, one essential point in which the Madhura Sutta is marked off from even such Suttas as the three mentioned. For, whereas in all those three, even in Nos. 15 and 43, we are carefully, if irrelevantly, informed of the precise spot at which the Buddha was dwelling at the time of the dialogue--in the Madhura Sutta it is expressly stated that the Buddha was no longer living but dead. The only parallel which occurs to me is found in the (unedited) Ghotamukha Sutta (No. 94 of the Majjhima Nikaya), where the circumstances leading up to the statement are precisely similar to those of the Madhura Sutta. The important
[1. Analysed in Miss Foley's article in this year's J.R.A.S.]
fact which these two Suttas formally prove is that, like Christianity in the hands of St. Paul , Buddhism, after the death of its founder, continued to develope in the hands of his disciples.
In the Madhura Sutta Kaccana discusses, as the Buddha had discussed in other Suttas, the great Indian institution of caste--or 'colour' according to the literal translation of the term used for caste alike in Pali and in Sanskrit. It is not within the province of this paper to investigate the evolution of the caste-system from the primary distinction of colour between the white Aryan invaders and the 'black men' whom they first encountered in India . By the time that Buddhism arose, some five centuries before the Christian era, caste was an accomplished fact; within the Aryan pale, society was more or less rigidly divided into the four 'classic' castes. Thus in the Ka.n.nakathala Sutta (No. 90 of the Majjhima Nikaya) the Buddha is represented as saying--
"There are these four castes--kshatriyas, brahmins, vai.syas, and .sûdras. Of these four castes, two--the kshatriyas and the brahmins--are given precedence, to wit, in salutation, homage, obeisance, and due ministry."
It is important at this point to note that the Pali Pi.takas, in specifying the four castes as above, invariably give precedence to the kshatriyas--the rajanyas of the Vedic hymns. As it may be taken for certain that, when this 'kingly class' first arose, it was supreme in Indian society, the Pi.takas preserve the ancient tradition in their championship of the established precedence of the kshatriyas against the presumptuous usurpation of the brahmins, and mark the transitional epoch when the brahmin's claim to pre-eminence, p. 343 though urged with growing arrogance, had not yet extorted universal recognition--more particularly from the kshatriyas. There is an excellent illustration of this in the Amba.t.tha Sutta (No. 3 of the Dîgha Nikaya), where the young brahmin Amba.t.tha denounces the Sakyan kshatriyas as follows:--"The Sakyan race is fierce, violent, hasty, and long-tongued. Though they are naught but men of substance, yet they pay no respect, honour, or reverence to brahmins." And the young brahmin goes on to complain that he himself had not been treated by them in Kapilavastu with the respect which he expected. Without attempting to deny the allegation, the Buddha urges that the Sakyans were at home in their own city, and that Amba.t.tha had no right to be so angry because no notice was taken of him. Far more important for our present purpose are sections 24-28 of the same Amba.t.tha Sutta, which deal with the treatment accorded by kshatriyas and brahmins respectively to the son (i.) of a kshatriya youth by a brahmin girl, and (ii.) of brahmin youth by a kshatriya girl. In reply to the Buddha's series of questions, the young brahmin is forced to admit that in both cases alike the brahmins will recognize the hybrid offspring as a full brahmin, whereas the kshatriyas will not admit to kshatriya rank anyone who is not the child of kshatriya parents on both sides. "So it is clear," triumphantly argues the Buddha, "whether you regard it from the male or from the female side, that it is the kshatriyas who are the best people, and the brahmins their inferiors." Similarly, the young brahmin is forced to admit that, if a kshatriya is expelled by his fellows, the brahmins will welcome him as one of themselves, and he will rank as a full brahmin;[1] whereas an expelled brahmin is never received by the kshatriyas. Hence, even when a kshatriya is in the depths of degradation, still it is true that the kshatriyas are the best people, and the brahmins their inferiors! Having got the young brahmin
[1. This conflicts with Prof. Rhys Davids' statement (Hibbert Lectures, 1881, p. 24) that at the rise of Buddhism "no kshatriya could any longer become a brahman."]
so far in recognizing the lesson taught by the facts of life, the Buddha clinches the matter with a favourite quotation[1]:--
"Moreover, it was the Brahma[2] Sana "m-kumara[3] who uttered this stanza--
The kshatriya is best among folk who heed lineage. He who knows and acts aright is best among gods and men.
Now this stanza, Amba.t.tha, was well sung and not ill sung by the Brahma Sana"m-kumara, well said and not ill said, sensible and not senseless. I, too, Amba.t.tha, join in saying that the kshatriya is best among folk who heed lineage," etc.
[1. It occurs in the Majjhima and Sa"myutta Nikayas, as well as in the above passage in the Dîgha.
2. At page 239 of his Buddhism, Bishop Copleston strangely mistakes Brahmuno for brahma.nena, and translates "It was a brahman"!
3. In note 14 to page 38 of his Vish/nu Purā/na (London, 1840), H. H. Wilson says:--"The Kaumara creation is the creation of Rudra or Nīlalohita, a form of Šiva, by Brahmā, which is subsequently described in our text, and of certain other mind-born sons of Brahma, of whose birth the Vish/nu Purā/na gives no further account: they are elsewhere termed Sanat-kumāra, Sananda, Sanaka, and Sanātana, with sometimes a fifth, Ribhu, added. These declining to create progeny, remained, as the name of the first implies ever boys, Kumāras: that is, ever pure and innocent; whence their creation is called the Kaumāra. . . And the Linga has . . . 'Being ever as he was born, he is here called a youth; and hence his name is well known as Sanat-kumāra.'This authority makes Sanat-kumāra and Ribhu the two first born of all; whilst the text of the Hari Vansa limits the primogeniture to Sanat-kumāra. . . . Sanat-kumāra and his brethren are always described in the Saiva Purā/nas as Yogis: as the Kúrma, after enumerating them, adds: 'These five, oh Brahmans, were Yogis, who acquired entire exemption from passion'; and the Hari Vansa, although rather Vaishnava than Saiva, observes that the Yogis celebrate these six, along with Kapila, in Yoga works."
In Pali, Sanat-kumāra becomes Sana "m-kumara, still retaining the meaning of {Greek: o āei pārðenos}. Buddhaghosa, in his commentary on the above Pali text as it occurs in the 63rd Sutta of the Majjhima Nikaya, says:--" Sana "m-kumara means 'The maid of yore.' From very ancient days he has been known as 'the Maid.' Tradition says that, when among men in the epoch of the Five Little Maids (? = the five mind-born sons of Brahma above), he grew to Insight, and, dying with Insight full and undimmed, was re-born in the Brahma Realm. His old existence was so sweet and dear to him that it was always in such semblance that he went about. Therefore, he was known as Sana "m-kumara."]
p. 345
On enquiry of Sanskrit scholars, I have been unable to discover any trace of this remarkable gatha in existing Brahminical literature. Now, it is hardly conceivable that Buddism could have concocted the verse, and have had the impudence to foist its authorship upon the venerable personality of Sanat-kumara; the forgery would have been too monstrous, and the exposure too certain. On the other hand, with the growing claims of the brahmins to precedence, so inconvenient an utterance by so eminent a brahminical authority would naturally tend to be relegated to oblivion, and so, in course of time, to be dropped altogether out of the official recension of brahmin texts. But it is to be hoped that the discovery of the gatha in Sanskrit may at once corroborate the Buddha in his favourite quotation, and dispel all prima facie suspicion of brahminical suppressio veri.
The general feeling of Buddhism in favour of kshatriya precedence is briefly indicated in the statement of Chapter iii. of the Lalita Vistara, which is thus translated by Foucaux:--"Les Bôdhisattvas naissent certainement dans deux familles, celle des Brahmanes et celle des Kchattriyas. Quand c'est la famille des Brahmanes qui est respectée, ils naissent dans une famille de Brahmanes; quand c'est la famille des Kchattriyas qui est respectée [yada kshatriya-guruko loko bhavati], ils naissent dans une famille de Kchattriyas. Aujourd'hui, réligieux, la famille des Kchattriyas est respectée, c'est pour cela que les Bôdhisattvas naissent dans une famille de Kchattriyas."
If we pass from social to intellectual rank, it is interesting to note that--at least, in the Upanishad period, in which Buddhism probably arose--there was anything but a tendency among the brahmins who composed the Upanishads to despise the philosophic attainments of the kshatriyas. In the Upanishads it is the great kshatriya kings who are always represented as teaching the brahmins Vedanta. And in the Chandogya Upanishad (of which there is a translation by Professor Max Müller in vol. i. of the Sacred Books of the East), frequent references are made to the superior learning of kshatriyas. It is a kshattiya sage p. 346 who appears in Book i: 8, 1, silencing the brahmins, and again in Book v. 3. At the end of Book v. 3, occurs a very remarkable passage in which Gautama, the father of the Gautama gotra, who had gone to the court of the King of Pañcala for instruction in the knowledge of a future life, is thus addressed by the king:--
"Since, o Gautama, thou hast thus spoken to me and since this wisdom never came to the brahmins before thee, therefore among all people (or in all worlds) to the kshatriya caste alone has this instruction belonged."[1]
In the Vase.t.tha Sutta (No. 35 of the Sutta Nipata and No. 98 of the Majjhima Nikaya) the Buddha appeals to comparative morphology to show that caste distinctions are unscientific. There are numerous generic and specific marks distinguishing the several grasses and trees, worms, moths, beasts, birds, and fishes; but these numerous marks are not found on men as on all other living creatures; the distinctions between man and man are individual, not specific or generic. Herein, Gotama was in accord with the conclusion of modern biologists that "the Anthropidæ are represented by the single genus and species, Man,"--a conclusion which was the more remarkable inasmuch as the accident of colour did not mislead Gotama, as it did within living memory the citizens of a free and enlightened republic.
II.
So far, this sketch of caste from the Buddhist point of view has been confined to what the Ka.n.nakathala Sutta calls di.t.thadhammika, i.e. facts of the visible world. It remains to consider the Pi.taka view of caste with reference to samparayika, i.e. matters concerning the life hereafter. On this head the Pi.takas are emphatic in asserting the irrelevancy of all caste distinctions; the saving
[1. See also the same legend in the .Satapatha Brahma.na.]
Truth was open to attainment by all castes alike in equal degree. Of the many illustrations which might be adduced to show the worthlessness of caste in the higher life, one of the most picturesque occurs in the Ka.n.nakathala Sutta, and is here given in an English version.
Says the King to the Buddha: "There are these four castes, sir--kshatriyas, brahmins, vai.syas, and .sûdras; let us suppose them to be imbued with the five forms of strenuous exertion to win Release. In this case would there be any distinction, sir, any difference between these four castes?"
"Here too, sire (replies the Buddha), I do not admit any difference whatsoever between them, that is to say as regards Release compared with Release. Just as if, sire, a man were to kindle a fire with dry herbs, and another man were to kindle a fire with dry sal-wood, and a third were to kindle a fire with dry mango-wood, and a fourth with dry fig-wood--what think you, sire? Would these divers fires kindled with divers wood show any difference whatsoever in flame as compared with flame, in hue as compared with hue, in brightness as compared with brightness?"
"No difference at all, sir."
"Even so, sire, is the inward illumination which is kindled by effort and nursed by strenuous exertion. I say that there is no difference whatsoever herein, that is to say in Release as compared with Release."
III.
The Madhura Sutta, as will be seen infra, deals with the caste system under five heads. It teaches that caste (i.) cannot ensure material success in life; (ii.) cannot save the wicked from punishment hereafter; (iii.) cannot debar the good from bliss hereafter; (iv.) cannot shield evildoers from the criminal law; and (v.) cannot affect the uniform veneration extended to the réligieux, whether he be sprung from p. 348 the highest or the lowest of the four castes. In all these important respects the four castes are exactly equal.[1] The Madhura Sutta does not go on to state, nor does any Sutta with which I am acquainted venture to state, that in every possible respect the four castes were on one identical footing of equality. Such a statement would have evinced a certain blindness to facts. For, though in all essentials caste was an empty name to the Buddha, nevertheless, the distinctions of caste had a residual sphere of petty activity, and ranked among the 'accidents' of life. Whilst caste had no part in the higher life (which was alone worthy or an earnest man's attention), and was irrelevant in the less trivial of mundane relations, yet there undoubtedly remained a region where, in the absence of higher qualifications, the hereditary distinctions of caste were accepted as an appropriate differentia between little men. But into this trivial region Gotama disdained to enter. He was content to explode the caste theory, without denouncing it as a formal institution.
The MSS. which I have used in settling the Pali text of the Madhura Sutta are four in number--two Burmese (B) and two Si"nhalese (S). The Burmese MSS. are (i.) the Mandalay manuscript (Bm) taken from King Theebaw's library, and (ii.) the Phayre manuscript (Bp), forming part of the collection of Buddhist texts obtained by Sir A. Phayre. These two MSS., which are both in the India Office Library, are from the same original, but Bm is incomparably superior to Bp, not only in calligraphy, but in accuracy and scholarship. The India Office Library also contains one of the Si"nhalese MSS. which I have collated, namely, that quoted as St, which is the Turnour manuscript.
[1. Bishop Copleston (p. 234) states that "in Madhura Sutta (Maj. Nik. v. sic.) Gotama explains that all castes are ultimately equal, as the good, of whatever caste, will enjoy the like reward of their deeds in heaven, and the bad suffer alike in hell.']
In collating this with the Copenhagen manuscript in the Si"nhalese character (Sc), I was struck with the constant uniformity of readings of the two MSS., particularly in copyist's blunders and lacunæ. There can be no doubt that both are copies of a common original, as also are Bm and Bp.
For the text of Buddhaghosa's Commentary on the Madhura Sutta I have relied on a single manuscript, in the Si"nhalese character, in my own possession, which Mrs. Bode has been so good as to transcribe for me. In the notes to the Sutta the readings of Buddhaghosa in his Commentary are cited as 'Bu.' In this connection it seems well to repeat the words of Vilhelm Trenckner, in his preface to vol. i. of the Majjhima Nikaya (P.T.S. 1888):--"Whenever Buddhaghosa's readings, from his comments upon them, are unmistakable, they must in my opinion be adopted in spite of other authorities. His MSS. were at least fifteen centuries older than ours, and in a first edition we certainly cannot aim at anything higher than reproducing his text as far as possible."
The Madhura Sutta
(Majjhima-Nikaya, No. 84.)
Thus have I heard. Once the reverend Maha-Kaccana was dwelling in the Gunda-grove at Madhura. Now tidings came to King Madhura Avanti-putta that the Sage Kaccana was dwelling at Madhura, in the Gunda-grove, and that regarding that worshipful Kaccana such was the high repute noised abroad that it was said of him that he was scholarly, enlightened, sage, full of learning, eloquent, ready in exposition, and aged as well as an Arahat, and that it was good to go and see such Arahats as he was. So King Madhura Avanti-putta ordered his chariots so fair, so fair, to be made ready; got into his chariot so fair; and passed forth from Madhura with his chariots so fair, so fair, in royal pomp, to visit the reverend Maha-Kaccana. When he had ridden along in his chariot as far as a chariot might go, he alighted from his chariot and made his way on foot to the reverend Maha-Kaccana. When he had come there, he exchanged with the reverend Maha-Kaccana the greetings and compliments of friendliness and civility, and sat down beside him. Seated thus, King Madhura Avanti-putta spoke as follows to the reverend Maha-Kaccana:--"The brahmins, Kaccana, say thus,--'the brahmins are the best caste; every other caste is inferior. The brahmins are the white caste; every other caste is black. Only the brahmins are pure, not the non-brahmins. The brahmins are the legitimate sons of Brahma, born from his mouth, Brahma-born, Brahma-made, heirs of Brahma.' What do you say to this, sire?"
"It is mere empty words, sire, to give it out among people that 'the brahmins are the best caste; every other caste is inferior. The brahmins are the white caste; every other caste is black. Only the brahmins are pure, not the non-brahmins. The brahmins are the legitimate sons of Brahma, born from his mouth, Brahma-born, Brahma-made, heirs of Brahma.'
I
"For the following reason it may be known to be mere empty words to make that statement.--What do you think of this, sire? If prosperity attended a kshatriya in the form of property or herds or silver or gold, could he have another kshatriya who would get up earlier than he, go to bed later, be zealous in his master's service, study his comfort, and speak with affection?--Could he have a "brahmin, a vai.sya, and a .sûdra who would behave similarly?"
"Yes, he could, Kaccana."
"What do you think of this, sire? If prosperity atended a brahmin in the form of property or herds or silver or gold, could he have another brahmin who would get up earlier than he, go to bed later, be zealous in his master's service, study his comfort, and speak with affection?--Could he have a vai.sya, a .sûdra, and a kshatriya who would behave similarly?"
"Yes, he could, Kaccana."
"What do you think of this, sire? If prosperity attended a vai.sya in the form of property or herds or silver or gold, could he have another vai.sya who would get up earlier than he, go to bed later, be zealous in his master's service, study his comfort, and speak with affection?--Could he have a .sûdra, a kshatriya, and a brahmin who would behave similarly?"
"Yes, he could, Kaccana."
"What do you think of this, sire? If prosperity attended a .sûdra in the form of property or herds or silver or gold, could he have another .sûdra who would get up earlier than he, go to bed later, be zealous in his master's service, study his comfort, and speak with affection?--Could he have a kshatriya, a brahmin, and a vai.sya who would behave similarly?"
"Yes, he could, Kaccana."
"What do you think of this, sire? If the case be so, are those four castes exactly equal, or not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Undoubtedly, Kaccana, if the case be so, those four castes are exactly equal. I perceive no difference, sir, between them herein."
II
"For the following reason also, sire, it may be known to be mere empty words to make the statement among people that 'the brahmins are the best caste . . . . (etc. down to) . . . heirs of Brahma.'--What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a kshatriya addicted to taking life, given to rapine, licentious, lying, slanderous, bitter of speech, frivolous of conversation, covetous, malevolent, holding wrong views,--would such a man, at the dissolution of his body, pass after death to a state of suffering, punishment, or misery, or to purgatory? Or would he not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Given a kshatriya, Kaccana, addicted to taking life, given to rapine, licentious, lying, slanderous, bitter-tongued, frivolous of talk, covetous, malevolent, holding wrong views,--he, at the dissolution of his body, would pass after death to a state of suffering, punishment, or misery, or to purgatory. This is how it strikes me, sir, and this is what I have been taught by holy men."
"Quite right, sire; you are right in your view, and you have been rightly taught by holy men.--What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a brahmin, a vai.sya, or a .sûdra [like the foregoing kshatriya], would such a man, at the dissolution of his body, pass after death to a state of suffering, punishment, or misery, or to hell? Or would he not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Given such a brahmin, vai.sya, or .sûdra, Kaccana, he, at the dissolution of his body, would pass after death to a state of suffering, punishment, or misery, or to purgatory. This is how it strikes me, sir, and this is what I have been taught by holy men."
"Quite right, sire; you are right in your view, and you have been rightly taught by holy men.--What do you think of this, sire? If the case be so, are those four castes exactly equal or not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Undoubtedly, Kaccana, if the case be so, those four castes are exactly equal. I perceive no difference, sir, between them herein."
III
"For the following reason also, sire, it may be known to be mere empty words to make the statement among people that 'the brahmins are the best caste . . . (etc. down to) . . . heirs of Brahma.'-- What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a kshatriya who abstains from slaughter, abstains from rapine, abstains from licentiousness, abstains from lying, abstains from slander, abstains from bitterness of speech, abstains from frivolity of conversation, is uncovetous, is benevolent, holds true views,--would such a man, at the dissolution of his body, pass after death to a state of happiness and to a celestial realm, or not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Such a kshatriya, Kaccana, would, after dissolution of his body, pass to a state of happiness and to a celestial realm. This is how it strikes me, and this is what I pave been taught by holy men."
"Quite right, sire; you are right in your view, sire, and you have been rightly taught by holy men.--What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a brahmin, or a vai.sya, or a .sûdra [like the foregoing kshatriya], would such a man [fare after death like the kshatriya]?"
"Such a .sûdra too, Kaccana; would [fare after death like he kshatriya]. This is how it strikes me, and this is what I have been taught by holy men."
"Quite right, sire; you are right in your view, sire, and you have been rightly taught by holy men.--What do you think of this? If the case be so, are those four castes exactly equal, or not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Undoubtedly, Kaccana, if the case be so, those four castes are exactly equal. I perceive no difference, sir, between them herein."
IV.
"For the following reason also, sire, it may be known to be mere empty words to make the statement among people that 'the brahmins are the best caste . . . . (etc. down to) . . . . heirs of Brahma.'--What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a kshatriya who should break into houses, or loot, or commit burglary, or become a highwayman, or commit adultery;--if your people brought such a kshatriya prisoner before you, saying, 'Here is your robber and malefactor, sire, inflict on him such punishment as you will,'--what would you do to him?"
"I would have him executed, or burnt, or exiled, or dealt with according to his deserts. And why, Kaccana? Because, sir, he loses his former style of 'kshatriya,' and is reckoned naught but a 'robber.'"
"What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a brahmin, or a vai.sya, or a .sûdra who committed like crimes and was similarly brought before you, what would you do to such?"
"I would have him executed, or burnt, or exiled, or dealt with according to his deserts. And why, Kaccana? Because, sir, he loses his former style of '.sûdra,' and is reckoned naught but a 'robber.'"
"What do you think of this, sire? If the case be so, are these four castes exactly equal, or not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Undoubtedly, Kaccana, if the case be so, those four castes are exactly equal. I perceive no difference, sir, between them herein."
V
For the following reason also, sire, it may be known to be mere empty words to make the statement among people p. 365 that 'the brahmins are the best caste . . . . (etc. down to) . . . heirs of Brahma.'--What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a kshatriya who cuts off his hair and beard, dons the orange robes, and goes forth from home to homelessness; if he abstains from taking life, abstains from taking what is not given to him, abstains from lying, eats no rice after noon, leads the higher life, is a good man, of noble disposition--what would you do to him?"
"I would greet him with respect, Kaccana; or rise up to receive him; or pray him to be seated; or beg him to accept robes, food-alms, bedding, sick-necessaries, medicines, and other requisites; or would provide him with the protection, defence, and keeping proper to a holy man. And why, Kaccana? Because, sir, he loses his former style of 'kshatriya,' and is accounted naught but 'a holy man.'"
"What do you think of this, sire? In the case of there being a brahmin, or a vai.sya, or a .sûdra who acted and behaved like the foregoing kshatriya, what would you do to him?"
"I would extend to the .sûdra, too, the same treatment as I would accord to the kshatriya. And why, Kaccana? Because, sir, he loses his former style of '.sûdra,' and is accounted naught but 'a holy man.'"
"What do you think of this, sire? If the case be so, are these four castes exactly equal, or not? Or how does it strike you?"
"Undoubtedly , Kaccana, if the case be so, I perceive no difference, sire, between them herein."
When Maha-Kaccana had finished giving his reasons whereby it might be known that it was mere empty words to give it out among people that 'the brahmins are the best caste, every other caste is inferior; the brahmins are the white caste, every other caste is black; only the brahmins are pure, not the non-brahmins; the brahmins are legitimate sons of Brahma, born from his mouth, Brahma-born, Brahma-made, heirs of Brahma,'--King Madhura Avanti-putta spoke thus to Maha-Kaccana:--
"Most excellent, Kaccana, are the words of thy mouth, most excellent! Just as if a man were to set up that which is thrown down, or were to reveal that which is hidden away, or were to point out the right road to him who has gone astray, or were to bring a lamp into the darkness so that those who have eyes can see external forms;--just so, sir, has the truth been made known to us, in many a figure, by Kaccana. I, for my part, betake myself to the blessed Kaccana as my refuge, to the Doctrine, and to the Brotherhood. Let the lord Kaccana accept me as a lay-disciple, as one who has found his refuge, from this day forth whilst life shall last."
"Do not, sire, betake yourself to me as a refuge! Betake yourself to that Blessed One alone as your refuge, to whom as my refuge I have betaken myself."
"But where, Kaccana, is the Blessed One now dwelling, the worshipful Very Buddha?"
"Deceased now, sire, is that Blessed One, the worshipful Very Buddha."
"If I could but hear that Blessed One within ten leagues, ten long leagues would I go to visit that Blessed One, the worshipful Very Buddha. If I could but hear that Blessed One within twenty leagues, within thirty leagues, or within forty leagues, or within fifty leagues--fifty long leagues would I go to visit that Blessed One, the worshipful Very Buddha. If within a hundred leagues, Kaccana, I could but hear that Blessed One, a hundred long leagues would I go to visit that Blessed One, the worshipful Very Buddha. But now that Blessed One is deceased, to him, even though deceased, Kaccana, I betake myself for refuge, to him and to the Doctrine and to the Brotherhood. Let the lord Kaccana accept me as a lay-brother, as one who has found his refuge, from this day forth whilst life shall last."